While MSD has numerous case studies and examples of success addressing financial inclusion, results have lagged on gender inequality. The Market Systems Development (MSD) approach seeks to identify root causes of market failure and work with other stakeholders in the market system to resolve these issues. The potential to incorporate a systems approach into a fund structure represents new thinking on how to evaluate opportunities, support businesses, increase impact, measure impact, and shape entire markets to reduce the gender gap. Without systemic changes, an individual fund’s ability to deliver outsized returns from existing investment opportunities will not be sustainable and scalable to other institutions pursuing this asset class. Furthermore, impact measurement to capture the system-wide impact of investments in this area are lacking and need to be further developed to reduce the barriers to entry for additional funds. As women-led businesses and women workforce-dominated industries, such as the service industry, were hit the hardest and women globally take on the majority of household care, stimulus packages often did not tackle existing barriers for women. These existing systemic issues are further exacerbated by COVID19 and the uneven burden placed on women during the pandemic. This is due to a range of factors including unconscious bias, a rigged system, lack of access to female networks, and lack of women in decision-making roles. While the gender gap represents $28 trillion that could be added to global GDP by 2025, the pipeline of potential investments remains elusive for many funds. Corresponding planes or surfaces of this type are known as conjugate planes.Entering Emerging Markets with Impact Awareness The reverse is also true: the lens will focus every point in the set S(2) onto a conjugate point on the plane or surface of point set S(1). In the case where a point set of S(1) lies in a plane perpendicular to the optical axis of the lens, then the corresponding conjugate points in set S(2) would also lie in a plane that is perpendicular to the axis. If the point S(1) is expanded into a series of points spread throughout the same focal plane, then a perfect lens will focus each point in the series onto a conjugate point in the focal plane of S(2). If the light waves themselves intersect, the image is real, whereas if only the projected extensions of refracted light rays intersect, a virtual image is formed by the lens system. All points involved with primary or secondary light rays are termed objects (or specimens in optical microscopy), while the regions containing light rays concentrated by refraction by the lens are called images. In the nomenclature of classical optics, the space between light source S(1) and the entrance surface of the first lens is referred to as the object space, while the region between the second lens exit surface and point S(2) is known as the image space. Focal points having such a relationship in a lens system are commonly referred to as conjugate points. The result is that a perfect lens, which equals Lens(a) + Lens(b), focuses light from point S(1) onto point S(2) and also performs the reverse action by focusing light from point S(2) onto point S(1). After passing through the second lens ( Lens(b)), the plane wave is converted back into a spherical wave having a center located at S(2). Where f is the focal length of the perfect lens. Both δ and α are related by the sine equation, with the value for f being replaced by f(a): 1 As it exits from Lens(a), the plane wave is tilted with respect to the lens axis by an angle α. In the dual-lens system illustrated in the tutorial window, a spherical wavefront emanating from light source point S(1), and located at a distance δ from the optical axis of the lens, is converted by Lens(a) into a plane wave. The blue Reset button is utilized to re-initialize the tutorial. A checkbox toggles simulations of plane and spherical wavefronts on and off, allowing the visitor to view how spherical waves are produced when a plane wavefront passes through the lens system. The Image Side Focal Length slider can be utilized to change this value between 0.8 and 2.0 centimeters. The Tilt Angle slider can be employed to tilt the axis of the light beam through ± 25 degrees, and the Object Side Focal Length slider adjusts the focal length of the lens nearest the object between a range of 0.4 to 0.8 centimeters. The tutorial initializes with a parallel beam of light passing through the double lens system in coincidence with the optical axis and traveling from left to right.
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